The warehouse beetle is oblong to oval, 18 to 316 inch long, with a dark and light mottled pattern on their wing covers. Pdf life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the. Among the larval and pupal stages, first instar larvae were found to be. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium everts has been identified as a serious threat. Morphologically, the mature larva of khapra beetle can be separated from that of. The adult beetle is brown in color and small, between 23 millimeters long. Feeding performance and life table parameters of khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. Life cycle of the khapra beetle trogoderma granarium. Head is small bearing sharp, mandibulate mouth parts and short, capitate antennae. C or as long as 220 days under suboptimal environmental factors. The following list of references includes many from myers and hagstrum 20 and additional references, websites and annotations are included to expand upon their summary. Order coleoptera family tenebrionidae advertisements. T here are a lot of theories presented at testing seminars.
You need to know the type of foods the beetle feeds on and its life cycle in order to make a thorough inspection and to choose the best pest control methods. It is a member of the dermestid family and is a voracious feeder of grain products. It is very resilient and can survive in stored food, packaging and transport facilities in very low numbers under difficult conditions. The khapra beetletrogoderma granarium is one of the worlds most destructive pests of stored grain products and seeds. This pest may also show up in a variety of locations that are not obvious food sources such as burlap bags, corrugated boxes where they feed on the glue and animal hides.
The life cycle of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. Afghanistan niger algeria nigeria bangladesh oman burkina faso upper volta pakistan cyprus palestinian authority, west bank egypt qatar. Pdf effect of temperature and life stage of khapra beetle. Dermestidae on stored groundnut was studied under fluctuating laboratory. It has been reported that it was distributed in southeast asia, the middle east, north africa, europe, china, japan, korea, philippines, australia and madagascar, and has become established in most of those countries. A complete life cycle may be as short as 26 days temperature. Life cycle mated females live 47 days, while unmated females live from 2030 days. The khapra beetle, a major storedproduct and food pest in large swatches of asia and africa, has been listed as one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world.
Khapra beetle can complete up to ten generations in one year depending on the availability of food, favourable tropical warm temperature and humidity. There are a lot ofwhy test classes, and a lot of classes on specific techniques, but nothing on a couple of practices that can improve the testing process in a company. Khapra beetle is one of the most destructive stored grain pests, and infestations can. They are clothed with fine setae, and there are tufts of barbed setae on. Its ability to survive for long periods under extreme conditions facilitates its spread through international commerce, which has led to invasions of new geographic regions. Several studies predict possible establishment of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, based upon climate banks 1977 for australia, sinha 1963 for canada, bahr 1966 for east germany, dal monte 1960. Damage and symptoms khapra beetle causes huge grain loss and destroys stored grains in a short time. They are clothed with fine setae, and there are tufts of barbed setae on each side of the terminal abdominal segments.
Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra. Spicisetae of various lengths are arranged over the dorsal surface and a brush of long spicisetae on the ninth abdominal segment projects posteriorly like a tail. Countries infested with khapra beetle countries designated by the usda as having endemic khapra beetle and considered as high risk for introduction include the following. The warehouse beetle, trogoderma variabile, is one of several species of beetle in the genus trogoderma that are considered pests of stored products. Live khapra beetle larvae detected in personal effects u. Completion of the life cycle usually lasts 46 weeks, but can last up to three years depending. The number of larval instars was examined and studied by direct counting of larval moults under the highpower microscope. Live khapra beetle larvae detected in personal effects. It is unique among dermestids because the larvae feed on stored grain. Origin trogoderma granarium is native to an area extending from burma to west africa.
Ecological work in these stores and laboratory experiments. Bell, in food and beverage stability and shelf life, 2011. Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium department of agriculture. The larvae are yellowish to golden brown see picture below. Honours sudan university of science and technology 1998 a thesis submitted to the university of khartoum in partial. It has been spread long distances through the movement of infested grain. Adult, larva, and larval skins of the khapra beetle, trogoderma. The eggs can be deposited in decaying leaves, rotten wood and even. Its economic importance lies not only in the serious damage it. There are many similarlooking native trogoderma species in australia which make it difficult to identify if the pest were to establish in australia, it could have detrimental impacts on our exportorientated grain industry.
There were five larval instars and the total development time from egg to adult ranged from 37 to 40 days with an average of 37. Small brown beetles, larvae or cast skins infesting grain, dried food and cereal products. Start this article has been rated as startclass on the projects quality scale. It is supposed to be a major pest of wheat in indian subcontinent and also. Invertebrate surveillance manual for managers, operation leaders and. Dermestidae is a stored product pest of great importance. Trogoderma granarium is native to an area extending from burma to west africa. Life cycle female red flour beetles will deposit 200500 eggs in food during a 12 year life span. The life cycle of this species is shorter than the confused fl our beetle. Mating occurs immediately at high temperatures but may require several days at cooler temperatures. Spiroplasma dominates the microbiome of khapra beetle. Life cycle favorite food attracted to light geographic distribution penetrate packages product recommendation almond moth cadra cautella 1420 gray 2530 days.
Countries of origin in question for this policy include much of africa. The female beetle, depending on the species, will lay hundreds of small white or yellow eggs. Life cycle favorite food attracted to light geographic distribution penetrate packages product recommendation almond moth cadra cautella. Dermestidae on stored groundnut was studied under fluctuating laboratory conditions of 255c and 705% relative. Eggs hatch into small hairy larvae that can grow up to 7 mm long, are reddish brown in. Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the. We are also updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices that have affected the risk of khapra beetle being imported into. The khapra beetle is thought by some to be native to the indian subcontinent. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, a small beetle native to the indian subcontinent, is a serious pest in most parts of the world.
The life cycle of a beetle is known as a complete metamorphosis, meaning it has four very different stages. The beetle does not bore into host material but young larvae feed on damaged seed and older larvae on whole grains. Dermestidae 2 by commerce into some areas of similar climatic conditions anonymous 1981. Photograph by annesophie roy, european and mediterranean plant protection organization. Dermestidae on various barley cultivars volume 107 issue 5. Dermistidae reared on some cereal crops and their relative susceptibility to the insects attack. They are known as dirty feeders because they spoil more grain than they eat with shed larval and pupal skin, broken body parts and hair george and paul 2010.
It occurs in hot, dry areas and is especially abundant in certain areas of the middle east, africa and south asia. We are also updating the regulations to reflect changes in industry practices that have affected the risk of khapra beetle being imported into the united states and country names that. The reproductive rate, as a result, is usually higher as. Development of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, in. Insect life cycle level l 5 6 these animals have a different kind of life cycle. Any imports of these products require a phytosanitary certificate stating the product is inspected and cleaned.
It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. The adults are shortlived, seldom living more that 1012 days. Life cycle khapra beetle a threat to our grain industry. Any trade of a good that comes from a known khapra beetle country must be associated with a phytosanitary certificate declaring the product is free from khapra beetle. Eggs hatch in 512 days, and the larvae can mature within 30 days or as long as 120 days depending on temperature. Life cycle the khapra beetle produces between one to nine generations per year depending on factors such as the host species, temperature, light and moisture. Order coleoptera family dermestidae advertisements. An adult lives for 1030 days after attaining sexual maturity.
Factsheet trogoderma granarium everts, 1899 khapra beetle. Larval and adult keys are available for the identification of species of economic importance in north america gorham, 1987, for use in the tropics haines, 1991, and for the identification of adults of the. Pdf storage insect pests and their damage symptoms. The length of female adult life, oviposition, egg incubation period and duration of larval plus pupal development were observed at 25, 22. Khapra beetle adults are small 23 mm long and 12 mm wide, brownish in colour with a smooth oval shaped body. Life cycle, morphometrics and damage assessment of the khapra beetle 7 stage by daily observation. The lower temperature limit for breeding of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, was determined at constant temperatures in the laboratory. It is unique among dermestids because the larvae feed on. As many as 12 generations are reported annually in india.
Temperature is the key factor, which determines when the eggs are laid. Description, biology and habits of the khapra beetle will help correctly identify which beetle has infested your home or business and how to control the pest. Many ships harbour endemic populations, larvae remaining concealed behind paint or rust scale, and because of its. It has been nominated as one of the 100 worst invasive species worldwide. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. Pest information trogoderma granarium everts coleoptera. Khapra beetle definition of khapra beetle by merriamwebster. We are amending the khapra beetle regulations by adding additional regulated articles and regulated countries. Its pest status is enhanced by the ability of the larvae to undergo diapause, which increases their tolerance to adverse conditions including insecticides and extreme temperatures. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium, is a voracious feeder of stored products and is considered one of the most important quarantine pests globally. Trogoderma granarium, the khapra beetle zoology for ias. The khapra beetle is under strict quarantine from the united states. After 616 days of pupal period adults weevils emerge out which becomes sexually matured in 23 days.
The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts hilgardia. Larval development usually takes between four to six weeks, but can continue for up to seven years in adverse conditions. It is a cosmopolitan insect found throughout the world. Native to india, khapra beetle has spread to other countries in africa, the middle east, the near east, pockets of europe and eastern asia. Ten newly emerged adults irrespective of sex were kept separately in a. Khapra beetle is a destructive pest that can reproduce rapidly in stored products under hot conditions. Therefore, species of tropical origin with diapause in their life cycle may be important model organisms to decipher the interaction between diapause, cold, and desiccation. Its northern most range extends to the 35 parallel and to the equator to the south. Description top of page larva the larvae are typically very hairy. May 21, 2010 the khapra beetle is an extremely serious pest of grain and other stored products. Pdf the toxicity of phosphine to immature stages of khapra beetle. Crosstolerance to desiccation and cold in khapra beetle.
Native to india, khapra beetle has spread to other countries in africa, the middle east. Khapra beetle is within the scope of wikiproject beetles, an attempt to better organize information in articles related to beetles. It is a particularly difficult insect to control with insecticides. Adult, larva, and larval skins of the khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, and the damage caused by the larvae. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts edis university of. In india it is considered as serious stored grain pest. The state department of agriculture is conducting an eradication program against it in california. Regulatory control of khapra beetle storedproductinsects.
Khapra beetle trogoderma granarium is one of the most serious pests of stored grain products, especially under hot and dry conditions. There are 3 transverse bands markings of pale colour hairs on the wing covers. The insect is capable of hiding in cracks and staying in diapause for years. Life cycle of the khapra beetle trogoderma granarium everts. Australia maintains khapra beetle import restrictions on all types of seeds, nuts, spices, dried fruits and vegetables, and any unprocessed agricultural products. The khapra beetle is one of the most destructive pests of whole grain and cereal products in warmer areas of the world, particularly north africa and the indian subcontinent. The khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts, is a dermestid pest of stored grain from india, now established in british malt stores. Feeding performance and life table parameters of khapra. Biology and control of the khapra beetle, trogoderma. A life cycle is the series of changes an animal goes through during its life. The classic telltale sign of a khapra beetle infestation is the presence of cast skins and larvae. The insect lives as an egg, larva larvuh, pupa pyoopuh, and an adult. Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature top of page the family dermestidae contains a number of species that are pests of stored products, the most serious of which is t.
Be aware of any khapra beetle biosecurity measures that may be in place for incoming goods and conveyances. Hairy fungus beetle typhaea stercorea khapra beetle trogoderma granarium larder beetle dermestes lardarius lesser mealworm beetle alphitobius diaperinus. At 40c the laying of eggs begins and is delayed during cooler temperatures and production stops at 20c. Damage and symptoms khapra beetle a threat to our grain. The khapra beetle trogoderma granarium, which originated in south asia, is one of the worlds most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. May 29, 2017 please give this video a big thumbs up and subscribe. The total development takes 46 weeks at 95 f which is the optimal temperature for this pest, at 70 f the life cycle needs 220 days to be completed. Khapra beetle is a regulated quarantine pest in many.
Dermestidae, is among the worlds most invasive and destructive pests of stored agricultural products. It thrives on hot, dry conditions and has proved exceptionally difficult to control. A complete life cycle can be as short as 26 days around 3235. Khapra beetle definition is a dermestid beetle trogoderma granarium that is native to the indian subcontinent and is now a serious pest of stored grain in most parts of the world. Khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts insecta. When khapra beetles do turn up, they trigger an immediate and aggressive response from state and federal government agriculture departments, because once an infestation takes root, this insect becomes extremely difficult to control think of the khapra beetle as the bed bug of stored product pests and because twothirds of the united.
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